Science+Standards

=Our Science Standards=

2.1f In all organisms, the coded instructions for specifying the characteristics of the organism are carried in DNA, a large molecule formed from subunits arranged in a sequence with bases of four kinds (represented by A, G, C, and T). The chemical and structural properties of DNA are the basis for how the genetic information that underlies heredity is both encoded in genes (as a string of molecular ÒbasesÓ) and replicated by means of a template.
 * New York Standard/Performance Indicator 2.1 **

2.1g Cells store and use coded information. The genetic information stored in DNA is used to direct the synthesis of the thousands of proteins that each cell requires.

2.1h Genes are segments of DNA molecules. Any alteration of the DNA sequence is a mutation. Usually, an altered gene will be passed on to every cell that develops from it.

2.1i The work of the cell is carried out by the many different types of molecules it assembles, mostly proteins. Protein molecules are long, usually folded chains made from 20 different kinds of amino acids in a specific sequence. This sequence influences the shape of the protein. The shape of the protein, in turn, determines its function


 * California Science Standard 5**
 * **5. The genetic composition of cells can be altered by incorporation of exogenous DNA into the cells. As a basis for understanding this concept:** ||
 * a. //Students know// the general structures and functions of DNA, RNA, and protein. ||
 * b. //Students know// how to apply base-pairing rules to explain precise copying of DNA during semiconservative replication and transcription of information from DNA into mRNA. ||
 * c. //Students know// how genetic engineering (biotechnology) is used to produce novel biomedical and agricultural products. ||
 * d.*//Students know// how basic DNA technology (restriction digestion by endonucleases, gel electrophoresis, ligation, and transformation) is used to construct recombinant DNA molecules. ||
 * e.*//Students know// how exogenous DNA can be inserted into bacterial cells to alter their genetic makeup and support expression of new protein products. ||